{"id":443,"date":"2013-04-20T00:15:24","date_gmt":"2013-04-20T00:15:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/?p=443"},"modified":"2013-04-20T00:15:24","modified_gmt":"2013-04-20T00:15:24","slug":"typical-laptop-power-battery-system-diagram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/typical-laptop-power-battery-system-diagram\/","title":{"rendered":"Typical Laptop Power Battery System Diagram"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Laptop Power Battery System<br \/>\n<a title=\"Hi-Capacity Dell studio 1747 laptop battery\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/dell\/studio-1747-batteries.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-444\" alt=\"laptop-power-battery-system\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/laptop-power-battery-system.png\" width=\"589\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/laptop-power-battery-system.png 589w, https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/laptop-power-battery-system-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/laptop-power-battery-system-150x57.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px\" \/><\/a><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Smart Battery Controller Chip<\/b> &#8211; The smart controller chip is located in the battery itself and is the heart of a smart battery system.\u00a0 This chip has three main purposes; store the battery&#8217;s parameters, monitor the charge\/discharge processes in real time to provide feedback to the charger, and to maintain a statistical calculation of the battery&#8217;s charge level.\n<ul>\n<li><b>Store Parameters<\/b> &#8211; The battery is pre-programmed with its voltage, capacity, charge current, and other important parameters that allow the charger to adapt its parameters to fit the battery.\u00a0 This allows a laptop to use several different batteries with different voltages and capacities.<\/li>\n<li><b>Real-Time Monitoring<\/b> &#8211; The chip has sensors to measure the voltage of individual cells, the voltage of the entire battery, the current passing between the charger and cells, as well as temperature sensors.\u00a0 The charger in the laptop will communicate with the chip in the battery to read these parameters and it will adjust the charging parameters to fit the individual <a title=\"studio 1537 laptop battery\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/dell\/studio-1537-batteries.html\">Dell Studio 1537 Battery<\/a>.\u00a0 The chip also has several safety alarms.\u00a0 These alarms can signal the computer to not try to charge the battery because of things like an over or under voltage cell or an overheating battery cell.<\/li>\n<li><b>Charge Level<\/b> &#8211;\u00a0 A battery&#8217;s capacity will decrease as it goes through its useful life.\u00a0 In order to maintain an accurate charge level, the charge level meter need to be adjusted accordingly. The chip in the battery remembers the number of times that the battery has been cycled, the maximum charge level, and also the exact amount of energy that has gone in and out of the battery.\u00a0 The data is collected over several charge-discharge cycles.\u00a0 The chip will uses this data to calculate the charge level.\u00a0 The accuracy of this data depends upon the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/hp\/6730s-batteries.html\">HP 6730s laptop battery<\/a> having several recent charge-discharge cycles.\u00a0 If the battery has not had several recent charge-discharge cycles the charge level can be inaccurate.\u00a0 Accurate charge level is important because Windows and other operating systems use the charge level to automatically shutdown the computer.\u00a0 This can result in either the computer shutting down abruptly or the computer shutting down when there is still plenty of energy in the battery.\u00a0 This is the reason behind the recommendation to periodically run the battery through several charge-discharge cycles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Backup Thermal Protection<\/b> &#8211; In order to ensure safe operation Li-Ion battery cells must be packaged into battery packs with additional safety controls.\u00a0 Laptop batteries typically have 3 different thermal safety circuits. The primary temperature is connected to the smart chip and communicated to the charger over the SM Data Bus.\u00a0 If for some reason the smart chip fails or the charger fails to read the smart chip data a backup sensor is wired directly to the charger.\u00a0 If both of these systems fail, there is a thermal cut-off circuit inside of the battery itself that will disconnect the cells.\u00a0 In some systems with hot-running processors, it is possible to trip the thermal cut-off during battery rundown.\u00a0 To prevent charging problems, it is normally recommended to allow a battery to cool between rundown and recharge.<\/li>\n<li><b>Battery Charger<\/b> &#8211; Li-Ion batteries are very sensitive to charging patterns and can easily be damaged or become unsafe if they are not charged by a very precise process.\u00a0 Li-ion batteries are not charged by just applying a fixed power feed.\u00a0 The type, amount, and method of applying power has to be changed at different points in the charge cycle.\u00a0 These strict requirements mean that the charging must be microprocessor controlled.\u00a0 All modern laptops use what is know as a smart battery system.\u00a0 This system uses a custom programmed micro-controller in the charger and also one in the battery itself.\u00a0 These two chips communicate with each other over a special data bus to automatically monitor and adjust the charge process to fit the individual battery.\u00a0 In some systems, the programming for the charger&#8217;s microprocessor is contained within the laptop&#8217;s BIOS.\u00a0 On these systems, the laptop computer&#8217;s BIOS can affect the operation of the charger and the size &amp; type of batteries that the computer can support.<\/li>\n<li><b>Laptop AC Adapter<\/b> &#8211; The AC adapter&#8217;s job is to convert high voltage AC power from a wall outlet into a single, fixed low voltage DC Feed.\u00a0 This is typically around 15-20V.\u00a0 It is a common misconception that the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/hp-laptop-ac-adapter\/elitebook-8530w.html\">HP EliteBook 8530w AC Adapter<\/a> is a &#8220;battery charger&#8221;.\u00a0 The actual charging circuitry is inside of the laptop itself.<\/li>\n<li><b>Internal DC-DC Converter<\/b> &#8211; Another popular misconception is that the laptop directly applies the power from the AC adapter to the battery or other internal components.\u00a0 This causes people to worry that the computer will &#8220;blow up&#8221; if there are even slight differences in AC adapter or battery ratings. The DC-DC converter safely and automatically takes care of slight variations in input power.<a title=\"Extended Life Dell Latitude d630 Battery\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/dell\/latitude-d630-batteries.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-446\" alt=\"windows-8-laptops-aussiebatt\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/windows-8-laptops-aussiebatt.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/windows-8-laptops-aussiebatt.jpg 640w, https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/windows-8-laptops-aussiebatt-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a>Laptops contain many different sub-systems that all require their own individually regulated power feeds; for example the drives use 5V, the memory uses 3.3V, the processor uses multiple feeds with other voltages.\u00a0 The power from the AC adapter goes into an internal DC-DC converter that will transform and regulate all of the required internal voltages.\u00a0 The internal voltages are regulated so variations in the input power will not be passed to the internal circuits. Typical AC adapter input tolerance is +\/- 1V.\n<p>When the computer runs from the battery, the power from the battery is fed back into the DC-DC converter.\u00a0 A battery&#8217;s voltage will go up and down by several volts between full charge and dead.\u00a0 The varying voltage does not cause a problem because the DC-DC converter will regulate the power fed to the different laptop sub-systems.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Laptop Power Battery System Smart Battery Controller Chip &#8211; The smart controller chip is located in &hellip; <a title=\"Typical Laptop Power Battery System Diagram\" class=\"hm-read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/typical-laptop-power-battery-system-diagram\/\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Typical Laptop Power Battery System Diagram<\/span>Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,3,5],"tags":[312,184,313],"class_list":["post-443","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-batteries-technology","category-battery-knowledgebase","category-battery-wiki","tag-dell-studio-1537-battery","tag-hp-elitebook-8530w-ac-adapter","tag-laptop-power-battery-system"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/443","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=443"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/443\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":447,"href":"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/443\/revisions\/447"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=443"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=443"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aussiebatt.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=443"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}